{"id":3512,"date":"2021-07-09T14:01:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-09T11:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.combiworks.com\/?post_type=news&p=3512"},"modified":"2023-09-20T22:04:29","modified_gmt":"2023-09-20T19:04:29","slug":"muut-kas-kaevuluuk-oli-esimene-inimese-saadetud-objekt-kosmosesse","status":"publish","type":"blog-posts","link":"https:\/\/www.combiworks.com\/et\/blog\/muut-kas-kaevuluuk-oli-esimene-inimese-saadetud-objekt-kosmosesse\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fc\u00fct \u2013 kas kaevuluuk oli esimene inimese saadetud objekt kosmosesse?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Kas olete m\u00f5elnud, mis oli esimene inimese sadetud objekt kosmoses? Liikleb linnalegend, et tegelikult oleks v\u00f5inud selleks olla kaevuluuk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuid tegelikult oli k\u00f5ige esimene inimtekkeline objekt v\u00e4idetavalt MW 18014, Saksa A-4\/V-2 raketikatsetus, mis lasti v\u00e4lja 20. juunil 1944. See oli esimene inimtekkeline objekt, mis j\u00f5udis kohale avakosmoses ja \u00fcletas K\u00e1rm\u00e1ni joont, saavutades 176 kilomeetri k\u00f5rguse apogee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuid enne kui paljastame, miks me kosmosele viitame, uurime pisut kaevuluukide ajalugu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaevuluukide ajalugu \u2013 ja miks neid nimetatakse inglise keeles manhole covers ?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Esimesed teadaolevad kaevuluugid p\u00e4rinevad aastast 3500 eKr. Vastavalt “History of Sanitary Sewers” (sewerhistory.org) on \u200b\u200bneed kuni 1870. aastateni p\u00f5him\u00f5tteliselt v\u00e4ga v\u00e4he muutunud ja need olid valmistatud kivist v\u00f5i puidust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kanalisatsioonis\u00fcsteemid on olnud olemas peaaegu tsivilisatsiooni algusest peale. Vana-Rooma impeerium ehitas akvedukte, et transportida linna mitte ainult vett, vaid ka j\u00e4\u00e4tmeid sealt minema. Kui inimkond hakkas torusid reovee vedamiseks maaalla matma, vajasid nad juurdep\u00e4\u00e4su \u00fchenduss\u00f5lmedele ja neid juurdep\u00e4\u00e4supunkte hakati nimetama kaevudeks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Algul ei olnud kaevuluugid t\u00f6\u00f6liste juurdep\u00e4\u00e4supunktid kanalisatsioonitrassidele. Projekteerijad teadsid, et uus maa-alune s\u00fcsteem vajab v\u00f5imalust torudele ligi p\u00e4\u00e4seda ja selle vajaduse t\u00e4itmiseks lisasid nad torustikule punkte, mida nimetatakse lambiaukudeks. Nende avade l\u00e4bim\u00f5\u00f5t oli olenevalt kasutatud materjalidest 25\u201335 sentimeetrit. Piiratud suuruse t\u00f5ttu ei mahtunud lambiaukudesse tavainimesed \u00e4ra. Need olid head kasutamaks ainult valgusallika sisestamiseks, et kontrollida, kas s\u00fcsteem t\u00f6\u00f6tab normaalselt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00f5istes, et neil on vaja v\u00f5imalust p\u00e4\u00e4seda ligi ka kanalisatsioonile seespoolt, hakkasid insenerid lisama kanalisatsioonitrassidesse inimese suuruseid auke (man size holes) v\u00f5i nn. kaevusid. Neid on sageli n\u00e4ha t\u00e4navatel ja k\u00f5nniteedel. Neid hakati katma kaevuluukidega (covers), et jalak\u00e4ijad sisse ei kukuks ega vigastaks end avatud aukudes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaasaegsed kaevud ja kaevuluugid t\u00f6\u00f6tati v\u00e4lja 19. sajandil. Vanim saadaval olev valukoja kaevuluukide kataloog p\u00e4rineb aastast 1860. Kaevuluukide p\u00f5hikujundus ja filosoofia ei ole p\u00e4rast 1870. aastat oluliselt muutunud kaevuluukide disainimise filosoofiaga v\u00f5rreldes, kuigi muutunud on materjalid ja paigaldustehnikad. Euroopas on meil kasutusel tootestandard EN 124, mis kehtib EL-is m\u00fc\u00fcdavatele ja paigaldatavatele kaevuluukidele. \u00dcmarkujulised on norm, kuid neid on teistmoodi kujulisi \u2013 nt. ruudukujulised ja kolmnurksed katted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nimetust “kaev” (ing. k. manhole) muudetakse inglise keelses keskkonnas m\u00f5nikord, et muuta see sooneutraalseks. N\u00e4iteks Californias Berkeley linn muutis 2019. aastal ametlikuks terminiks “hooldusava” (ing.k. maintenance hole).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaevuluuk kosmoses<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Selle huvitava teema juurde tagasi p\u00f6\u00f6rdudes. Kui kaevuluugid ei olnud kosmoses esimesena, siis miks me seda \u00fcldse mainisime?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On suur t\u00f5en\u00e4osus, et kaevuluuk oli teine \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200binimese loodud objekt kosmoses, sest augustis 1957 tegi USA Nevadas maa-aluseid Pascali tuumakatsetusi (operatsioon Plumbbob). Nad tahtsid m\u00f5ista tuumaplahvatuse v\u00f5imsust. Katse k\u00e4igus panid nad plahvatama katse\u0161ahtis tuumapommi. \u0160ahti peale olid nad keevitanud 900 kg terasest kaevukaane. Nad eeldasid, et see lendab minema, nii et nad paigaldasid kiiruse m\u00f5\u00f5tmiseks kiiruskaamerate komplekti. Kiiruskaamera, mis suutis salvestada \u00fche kaadri millisekundis, tabas vaevu plahvatuse. Luugi kiiruseks p\u00e4rast plahvatust arvutati ligikaudu 240 000 km\/h.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

See oli ligikaudne, kuna luuki n\u00e4hti vaid osaliselt \u00fches kaadris, enne kui see hiljem t\u00e4ielikult kadus. See oleks olnud k\u00f5igi aegade kiireim inimese poolt liikuma pandud objekt ja m\u00f5ne arvutuse j\u00e4rgi oli selle kiirus isegi nii suur, et luuk oleks v\u00f5inud lennata isegi l\u00e4bi meie atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ri kosmosesse. T\u00f5en\u00e4olisem tulemus oleks olnud muidugi see, et see oleks lennu ajal p\u00f5lenud ja p\u00f5him\u00f5tteliselt enne kosmosesse j\u00f5udmist aurustunud. Paljud faktid luugi saatuse kohta j\u00e4\u00e4vad muidugi ebaselgeks, kuid kindel on see, et seda ei n\u00e4htud enam kunagi. Tahame aga uskuda, et kusagil on kaevuluuk, mis j\u00e4tkab oma teed uutesse maailmadesse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nii, et m\u00fc\u00fct purunes \u2013 kuid kaevuluugid olid kosmoses siiski teisena kohal. P\u00e4ris korralik saavutus raudluukidele.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":3513,"template":"","format":"standard","block-category":[],"hide-cover-photo":[],"class_list":["post-3512","blog-posts","type-blog-posts","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nM\u00fc\u00fct \u2013 kas kaevuluuk oli esimene inimese saadetud objekt kosmosesse? - Combi Works<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.combiworks.com\/et\/blog\/muut-kas-kaevuluuk-oli-esimene-inimese-saadetud-objekt-kosmosesse\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"et_EE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"M\u00fc\u00fct \u2013 kas kaevuluuk oli esimene inimese saadetud objekt kosmosesse? - Combi Works\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kas olete m\u00f5elnud, mis oli esimene inimese sadetud objekt kosmoses? 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